Rapidly converging wide-range doublestub microwave impedance matching device



B. O. WEINS CONVER CHEL June 14, 1960 RAPIDLY MICROWAVE IMF'E Filed Oct. l5, 1958 I N VEN TOR BH1/N0 0 WE/Nscf/EL ATTORNEY B. o. wElNscHEL 2,941,169 RAPIDLY CONVERGING WIDE-RANGE DOUBLE-STUB MICROWAVE IMPEDANCE MATCHING DEVICE June 14, 1960 Filed Oct. l5, 1958 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 F/ 5 vsw R INDICATOR 45 I'I I`| 4 4a 47 f rf 2 GE/vEfmroR L /4 040 GENERATOR 1.040

C A c y2 y1; +5 INVENTOR BRU/v0 d WE//vscHEL BY-Mffuw ATTORNEY June 14, 1960 a. o. wElNscHEL 2,941,169 RAPIDLY coNvERGING wma-RANGE DOUBLE-sms MICROWAVE IMPEDANCE MATCHING DEVICE 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Oct. 15, 1958 TOMA/PDS GENERATGQ CONSTANT CVDUCTANCE' CONSTANT SUSCEPM/VC J I -F/G//N v INVENTOR.

BRU/voWf//vscna ATTORNEY Bruno 0. WeinscheL 6900'Marbury Drive,

- Y Bethesda, Md.

Filed oct.1s,19ss, ser. No.767,4os

1o claims. (cl. ssa-33) This invention relates to impedance matching and transforming devices for use in high frequency transmission systems, and more particularly relates to improvements in double-stub tuners especially adaptedfor use with coaxial linen as variable radio-frequency impedance transformers.v

In transforming energy yfrom one high frequency device to another, it is important that the impedances of the devices -must "be properly matched to achieve a maximum transfer of power and maintain a low standing wave ratio on the line. This is particularly important when making power or attenuation measurements, since the assumption is usually made that the incident power is being measured, and this is correct onlyif the powermeasuring element absorbs all power incident to it.

The use of a pair of adjustable short-circuited stub Itransmission line sections in shunt with a coaxial line as an impedance matching device is knowninthe art,- such a device being shown, for example, in U.S. Patent to Hansen, No. 2,438,912, granted April 6, 1948, and U.S. Patent to Woodward, No. 2,422,160, granted June 10, 1947.- A

It is a major object of the invention to provide' an improved ldouble-stub tuner which can be used over a' wide range of impedances and frequencies, and which can ibe easily and rapidly adjusted to a matched condition.

Another object is to provide a double-stub tuner of simple. and compact construction `and of highly accurate design which is readily reproducible to precise settings, which can be firmlyxed in any adjusted position, and which willremain stablein electrical operation and mechanical adjustment. j

Still another object is to provide a double-stub tuner having provision for readily changing the spacing between stufbs to Vary the impedance match, and providing also A United States Patent '2,941,169 Patented June v14, 1960.l

f'- ICC A great deal of theoretical literature exists on the's'uhject of matching stub arrays, but it is usually assumed thatthe characteristic impedance of the line, the load impedance, and the wavelength are known. When this information islaccurately available, it is theoretically, and perhaps practically, possible to compare the stublengths and spacings between stubs for proper match. In practice, however, the situation is usually veryldilferent from the'theoretical situation. Thetrue load impedance is seldom known'or easily found. YIn a practical device, i.e"., not tooA expensive or complicated in construction, the spacing betweenthe stubs,y is ixed, particularly when working with coaxial lines, and the true 'stub length'is seldom known nor of much practical value. Instead, the stubs are made adjustable as to length and areusually adjusted, one at a time, for minimum indivated VSWR as measured by the usev of a slotted line looking into the tuner. The procedure is one of adjusting iirst one stub and then the other, ofv a double-stub tuner, each fora minimum-standing wave ratio, in the hope that this procedure will rapidly converge to a matched condition, which sometimes occurs and sometimes not, depending largely on theratio of stub spacing to wavelength. It is also important that the correct setting, when found, should be readily reproducible vwithout extensive readjustment of the tuner. Y

rReferring to -Fig. l, a tuner according to the in'ven` tion is shown` mounted on a base 2 to which is xed a vertical pipe section 3 having athreaded aperturefor a clamping nut 4 for adjustably clamping a stem 6 slidably mounted on pipe 3.. SterneV is fixed to a `coaxial line section 7 comprising outer and inner coaxialconductors 8 and 9 spaced and insulated' from each other by annular insulating members 1 1 and 12,4 and provided Iat the respective ends with suitable male and female coaxial conhector fittings 13 and 14 respectively, for attachment in a coaxial line circuit.A

Typically, the attached coaxial cable circuit' would comprise a 'generator or source of high'frequency feeding a coaxial cable connected to a slotted line section and VSWR indicator, on one' side of the tuner .section shown in Fig. 1, and a load onthe other side of the tuner, 'as

will be shown'below.

The outer conductorY 8 of thel coaxial Y`line section is drilledyand" tapped at several locations (Shown as four locations`,`A, B, C, D) for-reception of the outer coaxial conductor of a coaxial section. The inner 'conductor 9 variable spacingdistances andratios which enable'rapid accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. V1 is'V a longitudinal sectionall view in elevation vof a double-stub vtuner according to the invention, taken on line 1--1 of Fig. 4; Fig. 2 is an enlarged. view, partly in section, `of the contact tube assembly of Fig. l; Fig 3 is aschematic diagram showing a typical circuit arrangementinwhi'ch the tuner may be used; Fig. 4 is a plan view of the tuner of Fig. l, showing a typical base plate chart;l v i Fig. 5 is a` highly schematic circuit diagram used in explaining the theoryof operation of the double-stub ter; ltfin I 4 f-Figl 6"is`-arri-'admittance diagramsimilar to a `Smith impedance chart vrotated-throughv 90; and Figs. 7-1lare admittance charts similar to Fig. 6 for iiite'rent conditions of operation;

is also tapped at .the center of the same location for reception of the centerV coaxial conductor of suchV coaxial stubsections, At any given time, two of thesev locations are not used, and the tapped holes at these locations are therefore `filled up with two plugs 16 and 17 respectively,

which are designed when inserted to retain the smooth continuity of,v the inner surface of conductor 8 as much as possible. Stub sections 18 and 19 are inserted intoI the apertures at the remaining .two locations. Since these units are identical, it will be necessary to describe only one of them in detail. y Stub "1S comprises an outer coaxial conductor 21 which isthreaded at its lower 'endl to engage any one 'of the tapped vapertures at the four locations mentioned above. The central conductorZZ of the stub is similarly threaded as shown at 23 to Vengage the central conductor of the coaxial line section A7.- An 'inner tube 24'is` slidingly tted in tube 21 and dimensioned to makea good sliding ftf'therewith. The inner conductor 22 of the stubfis provided at Iits upper end withLa round'nut 26 rigidly fastened thereto, Vand'ofaan ou-ter diameter to slidably tit in theA interior of tube, 24. The top surface of'nut= 26 is providedwith` a'slot`27 for screwing therod into vfirm threaded engagement with central'c'onductor 9 of the coaxial section. Tube 24 isprovided with a cap suitably length; the adjustmentA is usuallyl thereforeanot er1 maar@ fastened thereto, and having central aperture 29 through whcha screwdriver 'shaft may be passed to engage' slot"" central' conductor 22 of the stub.A The bottom end of Y tube 33 isslotted to form a nurnberof fingers as shown at`34 in'Fig. 2 in 'order to insure good conductive con-v tact withthe central conductor 22. A clamping nut 31 threaded on tube 21 at 20, andv cooperating with the split and tapered end ,of tube 21'is provided to serve as a tube lock for locking Vtube 2,4 in any desired extended position with 'respect to' the fixed vinner and outer conductors of thestub.' vIt will befapparent'that when tube lock 31 is loosened, tube 24- can be slid up and down `with respect to-'conductors 18 and 22 to change the electrical length of -the stub as `determined by position of short circuiting element 32, and tubular engaging member 33.

""It should be'noted that the bottom end of tube 24 may be slotted shown' in Fig. 2, vand the resulting fingers 41 may be pressed outwardly to'insure a good spring-pressed contact between tube '24 and tube 21.l Eig.Y y3"'sh'ows schematically' atypical circuit in which the 'double-stub tuner-'fis' used.' A hi'ghffr'eque'ncy gen;- erator 45 feeds a 'load 46 through'a slotted'line 47 (which maybe of conventional design) having a' probe 48 connected to a VSWR indicator. The `double-stub tuner sectionY 7 is inserted between the slotted line and the load '46, vand is adjusted for minimum VSWR indicamjm where:

Z :impedance R=resistance X reactance Y: G-HB where: i

- put impedance a short circuited lossless line is It' is' an important feature of the invention that the four locations A, B, C and D atr which the coaxial stubsl may be connected to ,the coaxial line section "l, are not equally spaced. The distance A-VB is different from the distance B C, 'and both are different from C-D. If urnform""spacin'g`s 'were employed, then 'changing thepcsi tio of the 'stubs would' give onlyv multiples 'of these uni-r f'r'n1"spa'cings'.' By" employing non-uniform spacings, `it is possible to obtain a large range' of spacings,"whch enables 'the-tuner to be s'et at favorable spa'ci'ngs which Init-rapid'convergence during the matching process.Y 'LWFi'g 4'"sh'ow`s a reproduction of Aa typical baseplate chart' used 'oirba'sez4` in av commercial embodiment Yofthe invention. The chivt'sliows'how with the Vsp'acin'gs einployed,(noton1y can matching be 'accomplished overa Yer'y'wide range of frequencies, butthefV entire rangeof frequencies can becoere'd by variations cf'the'stul'posi,` 'IISN'ShOWI. W 'V The spacing of the stub locations isl also veryv impor,-1 tantl" 'If 'a 'spacing'bf #A 'wavelength"is"used, any"load with a normalized conductance equal to or less than '1' ca`b'e' matched, and on the' surface'it would appear that this would b'e Ian advantageous spacing to use. 'Howeveig an'analysis of this condition onV a Smith chart will show that the convergence toward a matched conditiony thr'oughalternate adjustmentof the stubs is very slow: I f'aV spacing very slightly less than l wavelength is chosen'fthen theoretically at least, any impedance canv bemt'ched. However, the convergence is again veryV slow, and furthermore, the stub length becomes'` very criticalflt is arfimportant Vfeature of the invention thaty the tuner spacing is so designed as to'fall between Mg' and 3X, 'wavelength or ,5M and ,'e, etc., for any wave,-A` length 'over a large range. f

'If' a spacing` betweenvs'tubs of, 1/8 wavelength inemployed, the .condition of rapid convergence bymalternateadjustments of the. stubs isv fullled and the stub ylengths usually required-do not fall close to multiplesr of 1A; vlatv'ef`V .ldefl'fheelconditionsg a In 'ezqilar'lingthe Operation of the tuner, the following Syalbalswill be usan"` t t 'i esta where:

llength of the line Zoeharafesti impedance af the line I f l, the length of the line, is variable through more than M2, it is possible `to obtain as an inputimpedance all reactance values X from oo to -l-eo. This means 'that the stubs lintroduce 'shunt susceptances B of either positive or negative signs at certain points of the line. Referring to Fig. 5, inorderNto generalize the problern, stub No. 18 of Fig. lwill be referred ,to Vas No. 1, and stub No. `19V will be referred to as stub No.2. The reference plane between the tuner and generator 45 will be referred to tas the tuner input, and the connection between the load and tuner will-be referred to as the tuner' output. The equivalent circuit -is as shown in Fig. 5, where:

B1s=input susceptance of stub No.- 1 B nput susceptance of stub No, 2 fmaeadiitane af. .laad

The lineA .between the two stubs transforms the admit, tance at stub No. 1: Y1=Ymd+B1s to an admittance at stubNo. 2: Y2'. The admittancetransformation is given by the followz ing. equation.:

,n YHCj-Yrzgaz g, Y2 Yi-raffina were i Xoechfaaaist? admirers@ of; at@ lira 125mm @a two stubs W @distancebetween the two Stube 2. avt including the than@ Yifeadmiitanae @t Stub- No s susceptance of stub* No. 2V

' The -admittanceatftlie tuner input is then the sum of Y2' and the shunt susceptance of stub No. 2, Bag:

Y2.=Y2'.i-Bzs ('3) areasesesf'.; y

, A 1 r s to, 45.-; o)` a dag@ T his procedure can be visualized by using an admittance diagram, vwhich is s imlanto a Smith impedance, chart wlth the' wordinator-siveg ahalfzturn, astshown irl-liiefti-- (a) Iris Kawa. that arshonacircut stubJ adds anne .shunt Susceptaaa Wliiahrsaata =ieo, 4if the stub length can be changed by morethan half a wavelength. It is desired to obtain at the input of the double-stub tuner an admittance, Y=Yo+jin nor- 'malized coordinates: y=l+j0. This signifies that the `normalized conductance g should be equal to l; the susceptance should be equal to O. Therefore, we need at stub No. 2 (point b in Fig. 5) a normalized admittance, Iy=ljjb, where b can Vary between -eo and .-i-oo. LIt 'is now possible to adjust this value by adjusting stub No. f2 toward 0, by adding a shunt susceptance -b. The adjustment of g=l is made by stub No. l. It is now necessary to find out at which point in the admittance diagram .the admittance must lie (at point c of Fig. so that the transformation by .a line length d produces an admittance .at point b of Fig. 5, y=l|-jb.

A line length means a phase change of90". That means that the locus for our admittance at point c is :as shown by the dashed circle S0 in Fig. 7; -t-his is identified as point C. For example, assuming the admittance of our load at point c of Fig. 5 is Yload (point A in Fig. 7), we now adjust stub No. l, which corresponds to moving along the heavy arc in Fig. 7, from point Ato point B, along the locus of constant conductance. This new admittance'appears at point b of Fig. 3 as Y2, reached by travelling along the heavy arc from point B to point C of Fig. 7. This is .the same as turning the dashed circle 90, which means that point C ends up on the circle y=l|jb. By adjusting stub No. 2, we travel along this last circle as shown by the heavy line, to y=l{-j'0, which corresponds to a perfect match.

(b) We shall discuss the same procedure for In this case the locus for our admittance at point C of Fig. 5 is the dashed circle in Fig. 8 (180 rotated). Therefore .we move by adjusting stub No. l on a circle of constant conductance to point B in Fig. 8, which gives us Yi.- By ltransforming thisadmittance M 4, we arrive at point C (180 rotated), or""in other words, on the circle y=l+]l'b.

By adjusting the stub No. 2, we can again obtain y=l+j0, corresponding to perfect match.

(c) For the last example, we use a distance very close to M2. Here the locus for our admittance at point c of Fig. 5 is the dashed circle in Fig. 7 (340 rotated). We move therefore by adjusting stub No. l on a circle of constant conductance to point B in Fig. 9, which gives us the value of Y1. By transforming the admittance over a distance -cannot be matched with the particular stub spacing d,

by drawing the circle of constant conductance, which touches our desired circle. These are the shaded areas in Figs. 7, 8, .and 9. The `connection between d and matchable load conductance is a simple law:

gsm-192%@ 4) 6 This means that the conductance ofthe load must be smaller than the value indicated in the preceding equation, ,for example:

reference is made to Fig. 9. By adjusting to minimum VSWR, we end up at point B of Fig. .ll. The transformation to stub No. 2 lbrings this point to C with no Y improvement. That means, that in this case vthe procedure does not converge and the yadjustment becomes pure guess work. A similar analysis .for the case where will, on the contrary, show rapidV convergence. ever, with Howagain, the procedure does not converge, and there is also -an additional disadvantage. It can be seen that by comparing Figs. 5, l6, and 7, that the additional susceptance always becomes larger as d becomes closer `to M2,v This meansthat we must work always around a stub-length of M4, at which the adjustment of a certain susceptance is very critical withthe position of theshort circuiting plunger. Y l Y Itv is clear from the foregoing that in order to obtain rapid convergence, a number of spacings vshould be made available which will give different distances d, Within the range of rapid convergence for the particular frequency being considered. According to the invention, this is provided hy making the distances between the possible stub positions A-E of Fig. l such that for any given he quency, a stub spacing can be selected which will lead to rapid convergence. Then, by using the correct spacing for any particular frequency, or rather, a correct stub spacing, since in some `cases more than one stub spacing will give rapid convergence, it is always possible to obtain a rapid, easy and accurate matching by the simple expedient of alternately adjusting the lengths of stubs. In order to facilitate this, a chart is provided with each tuner, preferably fastened to the upper surface of base plate 2, which shows the user the ranges of easy matching for the various stub positions.

An example of such a .chart is shown in Fig. 4, and

is self-explanatory. It will be appreciated that if uniform line connection. After .this is done, the outer tube can be readily unscrewed and the entire assembly is now free to be be inserted at any other location by reversing the procedure. The selection of such location is readily made by consulting the chart mounted on the base.

it is Vthus ,seen that the objects of' theinvention .are achieved by .the relatively simple means disclosed, which, provide a rugged, reproducible doublefstub tuner useful over a wide frequency range to produce a rapid and accurate convergence towardan adjusted condition. j

It will be apparent that the embodiments shown are only exemplary andy that 'various modifications can be nlladein construction and arrangement within the scope `irlvfelition aS defined in the appended claims. I elafrDI t lf high-,frequency impedance transformer for use with a coaxialline, comprising a coanial line section, aY plurality of fixed attachment points, more than two in number, spaced along said line section, two coaxial stubV tuner impedance sections, means for attaching one end of eaclrof .saidd impedance sections at any selected two of said attachment points', eachV of said tuner sections having adjustable shorting plunger means at its other end for adjusting its impedance Yby adjusting its effective length, successive spacings between said attachment v,

points along` said line section being substantially different from each other, for use over' a wide range of frequencies.

The invention according to claim l, the spacing between,thel first and second attachment points being differentzfroni thev spacing between the second and third attachment points.

3. The invention according to claim l, there being four such attachment points, the spacing between the first and second being different from the spacing between the second and third and between the third and fourth, andl Ythe lasttwo spacings also being different from each other.

4. The invention according to claim 3, and a support ing base member, means supporting said coaxial line section on said b ase member, and a chart on said base mem- Bei-correlating the various possible stub tuner attachment positions with'usable frequency ranges corresponding to thefdierent attachment positions of the two stub tuner sections."

f *Suv'In combination, a-sourcc of microwave oscillations, a loadfcircuit, wave guide means connected between said; source and load for propagating microwaves therethrough and an adjustable impedance matching transformer cornp a part of' said wave guide means adjacent said in said wave guide means, two coaxial stub tuner irnped ance sections, a plurality of cooperating means at xed spaced attachmentpoints more than two in number on said 1inesection for attachment of said stub tuner sections, said attachment points beingV separated from each other by successively diierent distances along said line section, and means for attaching said stub tuner sections at any selected'two of said attachment points.

6. The invention according to claim 5, there being four such attachment points 7'. The invention according `to cla-im 5, and a VSWR indicator in said wave guide means between said transformer and said generator.

8.v The invention according to claim 5, said coaxial line section comprising inner and outer coaxial conductors, coaxial line connectors at the ends of said line section for connection with said wave guide means, said stub tuner sections comprisinginner and outer coaxiai conductor means both threaded at Vthe attachment end, each saidattachment point on 'said line section comprising a threaded aperture in the outer conductor for receiving the outer conductor of an attached stub tuner and a smaller threaded aperture in the inner conductor centrally aligned with :the first threaded aperture for receiving the inner conductor Tof said attached stub tuner.

The invention according toA claim 8, and conductive screw plug means till-ing the apertures at the unused attachment points.

10; The invention according to claim 9, each of said stub tuner sections Vcomprising a telescopically sliding tubularisection `slidably mounted on the outer coaxiall conductor of the-stub section, a cap covering the free end of said tubular section, said cap having an aperture for insertion of a tool for screwingl and unscrewingr the inner coaxial conductor of said stub tuner from engagement with the central conductor of said line section.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS `2,373,233 Dew et a1 Apr. 10, 194.5 2,598,671 Boothby June s, 195,2v 2,757,344

Haw was 

